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LEONARDO Graphics Assistant
Leonardo is a full featured graphics editor for the IBM-PC and
compatible. Leo is designed to make efficient use of the keyboard
so that a mouse is not required. The products of Leonardo are 4
color graphics screens and screen and Icon files. Leo's artworks
can be easily used in BASIC programs. Now all your BASIC programs
can benefit from the impact of full color graphics.
Leonardo also has a built-in slide show feature that can be
used to produce colorful and informative presentations.
Getting Started:
To start the program insert the disk in the current default
disk drive and type "leonardo" and hit return. The program will
first look on the disk for a slide show script called "start.sho".
If Start.sho exists it will be loaded and run. Otherwise leo will
display an error message. If you get an error message don't worry,
just hit any key and the message will go away. You may stop the
slide show at any time by pressing the ESC key.
You're now ready to create pictures. On the screen you will
see a small arrow. This is the Pen. You will also find a small
plus sign. This is called the Mark. You can move the pen around
the screen with the cursor control keys located on the number-pad
area of the keyboard. All 8 direction keys are active (up, down,
left, right, and the 4 diagonals). Only the pen moves, the mark is
stationary. While you can't move the mark directly you can do two
things with it. You may swap the pen and mark with the ESC key, and
you cam move the mark to the pen's location with the INS key.
To draw lines with the pen first select a color using the
numbers 0 thru 3 (0 is the background color). To turn-on the pen
hit the ENTER key. Now wherever you move the pen it draws a line.
To change colors just type the number of the color you want. To
turn the pen off hit ENTER again.
In addition to the Pen and Mark there are 3 other graphics
cursors available, the Box, the Alpha cursor and the User cursor.
To select a different cursor hit the backspace key (BKSP). Hit
backspace once and you will have the Box. The Box works the same
way as the pen but it draws a wide line. The Box is useful for
erasing also. Hit BKSP again and you will have the Alpha cursor.
Now any letter key you press will be displayed on the screen in the
current text style, color and size.
When you are using a cursor other than the alpha cursor, typing
a letter on the keyboard will access one of Leonardo's many commands.
The meaning and uses of the commands are described on the pages
that follow.
Keyboard Layout Overview:
┌──────┐ ┌──────────────────────────────┬──────┐ ┌───────────────────┐
│ │ │ Numbers 0-4 select color │<-BKSP│<│--Change cursor │
│ Icon │ └──────────────────────────────┴──────┘ │ │
│ │ ┌────────────────────────────────┬────┐ │ │
│ GET │ │ │Entr│ │ \ ^ / │
│ │ │ Use letters to │line│ │ Cursor │
│ PUT │ │ envoke commands │mode│ │ <- -> │
│ │ │ │ on │ │ Control │
│ │ │ └────┤ │ / v \ │
│ │ └─────────────────────────────────────┘ │ draw │
├──────┤ ┌───────────────────────────────┐ │ Pen-mark line │
│ UNDO │ │ Space= put down dot │ └───────────────────┘
└──────┘ └───────────────────────────────┘
Alpha Mode
Alpha mode is entered by selecting the alpha cursor using the
backspace key [<-]. In alpha mode, letters will be displayed on the
screen as they are typed. To enter a command, you must first leave alpha
mode by selecting another cursor (again using the backspace key). You
may select the size, color and style of the characters by using the "a"
command.
Block commands:
Many of the commands in leonardo work on blocks of the screen. The
block is the area bounded by the two cursors, the pen and the mark. To
use the block command first specify the area of the screen affected by
placing the pointer and mark in opposite corners. Then invoke the
command by typing it's letter.
'\ = pen -|- = mark
Block Commands:
c - Circle
d - Shadow
m - Mottle
x - eXchange colors
q - sQuare
o - Outline
r - Reverse image
Icon capture is also determined by the block location.
Help Screen
Two HELP facilities are provided for your convenience. The "h"
command displays several windows of information suitable for quick
reference. There is also a help screen on the disk which may be loaded
using the "l", load command. CAUTION: loading the help screen over-
writes the current display. You may save your display with the F9 key
before you load HELP.SCR. and then restore your display with F10 after
you have referred to the help information.
Icons
Icons are small areas or blocks of the screen which may be capt-
ured and moved around on the screen. The 10 function keys control the
capture, display and storage of icons. The area of the screen to be
remembered as an icon is boxed by placing the pen and mark at opposite
corners of the block. Then press F1. This GETS icon 1. Whatever was in
the block is now remembered in icon 1. To display icon 1 on the screen
hit F2. F2 PUTS icon 1 on the screen. If you put an icon on top of
itself it disappears. This is because icons are displayed in an
exclusive OR logical operation (this may be changed using the "i"
command).
Using Icons you may move objects around the screen. First GET the
icon. Then PUT the icon on top of itself, making it disappear. Now
move to a new location and PUT the icon again. You have just moved an
object.
Not all the icons are the same size. F1 gets an icon up to 1/4 of
the screen in size. F3 gets an icon up to 1/8 of the screen while F5 and
F7 get icons up to 1/16 and 1/32 of a screen respectively. This saves
on disk space when the icon is saved to disk. F9 and F10 have a special
use (see the UNDO command).
Icons may be saved to disk and recalled later. This is done by
holding the ALT key and pressing F1 to load an icon (alternate get
source=disk). Similarly ALT-F2 "PUTS" the icon to the disk. ALT F3...F10
work the same way.
Function Keys - Icon control
f1-f2 Get, put ICON1 4Kb
f3-f4 Get, put ICON2 2Kb
f5-f6 Get, put ICON3 1Kb
f7-f8 Get, put ICON4 500 bytes
f9-f10 Get, put ICON5 Whole screen
ALT Function keys: Icon storage
ALT f1 Load ICON1 from disk
ALT f2 Save ICON1 to disk
ALT f3-f4 Load, save ICON2
ALT f5-f6 Load, save ICON3
ALT f7-f8 Load, save ICON4
ALT f9-f10 Load, save ICON5
Patterns - mixing paints.
The zoom editor does double duty as the pattern maker. You may
edit a pattern in the pattern memory without affecting the screen with
the "e", Edit command. You may repeat your pattern over an area of the
screen with the pattern option of the Mottle, "m", command. To do this
first put your pattern in pattern memory with either the "z", Zoom or
"e", Edit commands. Next mark the area you want to pattern by placing
the pen and mark in opposite corners of the block. Next hit "m" for the
mottle command. Choose the "p", pattern option. The pattern may be put
over everything or just over a certain color, it's your choice.
Reverse image
You may reverse an image, i.e. make a mirror image of something with
the "r" command. You may reverse it in the up/down or left/right
direction. This is a block command so you will have to specify the area
that you want to reverse by placing the pen and mark in opposite corners
of the block. Hit "r" and answer the prompt as to up/down or left/right.
Whatever was in the block will then be inverted.
Slide Shows
Leonardo provides a built in slide show capability with the "t"
(scripT) command. In the script window you may "a" Add or "d" Delete
items from the script. You may also save your completed script with the
"s" command and load it later with "l".
To write a script you simply add items (screens or icons) to the
script. Enter the name of the screen or icon, its location (not neces-
sary for screens) and the pause time in seconds. Optionally, "k" may be
entered for the pause time in which case the computer will wait for a
key to be hit.
When leonardo first starts it will look on the disk for a script
called "start.sho". If "start.sho" is present it will be loaded and
run.
UNDO - Recovering from mistakes.
A convenient UNDO facility is provided in two parts. First,
function key F9 remembers the current display screen. Later, F10 will
restore the screen to the way it was remembered by the F9 command.
User cursor - make your own.
Leonardo provides several types of graphics cursors: a pen for fine
lines, a box for erasing and fat lines, and the alpha cursor for
letters. There is one other cursor that you may use. It is called the
user cursor because you get to design it yourself with the "u" command.
It can be any size from 2X2 to 15X15 and it is created the same way you
make patterns, with the "zoom" editor. When you are using the user
cursor the color that you specify (by typing a number key) affects the
mode in which the user cursor image is put on the screen. You'll just
have to experiment with it a little.
Window - work space
The "w" command opens a window about 1/4 of the screen in size. You
may work in the window without disturbing the screen. Pressing "w"
again closes the window and returns the screen to the way it was. This
is convenient for trying things when you don't want to mess up your
picture.
ZOOM - pixel editor
The Zoom command, "z", allows you to enlarge a portion of the screen
for fine detail editing. Place the pen in the upper left corner of the
area you wish to expand and hit "z". That area of the screen will be
enlarged. Now you may use the cursor keys to move the pointer around
the enlarged view. To change the color of a pixel just hit the number
of the color you want. Hit [enter] when you are done and the changes
you made will be put on the screen. The size of the zoom frame can be
varied from 2X2 to 15X15 with the "Z" command.
Interfacing to BASIC
The screen files and icon files produced by Leonardo are easily
incorporated into your own BASIC programs. Remember, you must be in
color graphics mode (SCREEN 1).
Screen Files:
Screen files are usually saved by Leonardo with an
SCR extension added to the file name. Screen files are
stored as the memory image of the IBM display memory.
Display memory starts at address B800 hex. To load
a screen file use the following subroutine:
10 SCREEN 1
100 ' Screen Load Subroutine
110 DEF SEG=&HB800
120 BLOAD "fname.scr",0
Icon Files:
Icon files are saved with an .LEO extension. Icons
can be used with the BASIC GET and PUT commands to
produce animation. Icon data is loaded into single
precision arrays. Since the Icons come in several
different sizes you should dimension your array just
large enough to hold the icon.
100 ' Subroutine to Load and Display Icon
110 dim I(1000) ' large icon, 1/4 screen
120 bload "file.leo",varptr(I(0)) ' load icon
130 put (50,70),I ' display icon
The following program segment demonstrates how icons may
be moved smoothly to produce animation. The idea is to
first PUT the icon to the screen, then wait a short time
so the viewer can see the picture (you may calculate the
new position during this time). When you are ready to
move the icon first PUT it again it the old location (this
erases the first image of the icon) then PUT it to the new
location. After a short pause repeat the process.
150 put (x,y),I ' Display the image
160 xx=x : yy=y ' remember old location
170 x=x+1 : y=y+1 ' Calculate new position
180 PUT (xx,yy),i ' erase old image
190 goto 150 ' repeat process
Appendix A: Command Summary
Commands:
1 Select color 1
2 Select color 2
3 Select color 3
4,0 Select color 0
In all cases the keys 4 and 0 may be used
interchangeably when referring to colors.
a Alpha settings
You may set the color, size and style of type.
b Background color
Select one of 16 colors for the background.
c Circle
The circle will be drawn in the current color. It will
be centered about the pen. The size and shape of the
circle or ellipse is determined by the positions of the
pen and marker.
C Clear the screen.
d Shadow
When prompted you supply the shadow color, the object
color and the direction in which the shadow is cast.
e Edit zoom pattern
You may change the pattern in memory without affecting
the screen. This can be used to make a pattern which can
then be put-down using the Mottle command.
f Toggle fast cursor (5<->1)
If the cursor speed is slow (<5) then this command
will increase it to 5. If the cursor speed is fast (>=5)
then it will return the speed to 1.
h,? Help windows
Opens a window on the screen which contains a quick
reference to the commands. Hit any key to get the next
window. There are 8 windows in all. Hit BKSP to see the
previous window.
m Mottel (pattern over color)
Use this command to add texture to solid color areas.
Select a pattern by pressing the space bar to view your
choices of pattern types. Hit ENTER to indicate your
choice. You will be prompted for the pattern color and
the color over which the pattern is to be put. One option
is to select the zoom pattern as the pattern color by
selecting "p" when asked for the pattern color.
o Outline
You may outline one color with any other color.
p Paint
You will be prompted for the boarder color and the
paint color. The area contiguous with the pen and bounded
by the boarder will be filled with the paint color.
P Palette
The palette is the color set in use. There are 2
Palettes available. Palette 1: Cyan, Magenta, White
Palette 2: Brown, Red, Yellow. Any background color may
be used with either palette.
q Square
Draws a square defined by the pen and mark in the
current color.
r Reverse image
Reverse the image bounded by the block either left-
right or up-down.
s Save the screen
Saves the current screen to the disk as a 16K file.
T Begin slide show
Starts the show currently in memory
t Write slide show
Opens the slide show editing window. You may edit the
script of the show using the subcommands below:
a - Add item to script
d - Delete an item from script
l - Load a script from disk
s - Save a script to disk
up-curs - view previous item
dn-curs - view last item
u User cursor
You may use or edit the USER cursor. The USER cursor
is a graphics cursor that you can define to be any color
or shape that you want. You may use it for drawing also.
w Open window
The window is an area about 1/4 of the screen in size
that you can work in without affecting the screen. Hit
"w" once to open the window; hit it again to close the
window.
x Exchange colors
Exchange one color for another inside the block.
Z Change zoom pattern size
Sizes from 2x2 to 15x15 are allowed.
z Zoom
Expands the area defined by the zoom size and having
the pen pointing to the upper left corner. You may edit
the image pixel by pixel using the cursor control keys and
the numbers 0-4 for the colors. When ENTER is pressed the
edited image is put on the screen.
& Status
Provides the x and y cursor location and current color.
* Line alpha mode
Type characters in normal IBM 40 column mode until the
next carriage return.
+ Increase cursor speed
Increases cursor speed by 1 unit.
- Decrease cursor speed
Decreases cursor speed by 1 unit.
Appendix B: Keyboard Controls
Cursor Control Group
^ v <- -> Move Cursor
<ENTER> Toggle draw mode
<--(BKSP) Select cursor type
ESC Exchange pointer and mark
INS Bring marker to pointer
DEL Draw line in current color
SPACE Draw dot in current color
Function Keys
f1-f2 Get, put ICON1 4Kb
f3-f4 Get, put ICON2 2Kb
f5-f6 Get, put ICON3 1Kb
f7-f8 Get, put ICON4 500 bytes
f9-f10 Get, put ICON5 Whole screen
ALT Function keys: Icon storage
ALT f1 Load ICON1 from disk
ALT f2 Save ICON1 to disk
ALT f3-f4 Load, save ICON2
ALT f5-f6 Load, save ICON3
ALT f7-f8 Load, save ICON4
ALT f9-f10 Load, save ICON5
ICON# MAX SIZE BYTES
-----------------------------------------
1 1/4 screen 4000
2 1/8 screen 2000
3 1/16 screen 1000
4 1/32 screen 500
5 whole screen 16000